The content of a pro forma invoice is almost identical to a commercial invoice and is usually considered a binding agreement, but because a pro forma invoice is not a legally-binding document, the price may change in advance of the final sale. A teacher might get officially observed and evaluated every three years, even though everyone knows she’s terrific and the whole thing is strictly pro forma. A critic might say that an orchestral conductor gave a pro forma performance, since his heart wasn’t in it. A business owner might make a pro forma appearance at the funeral of a politician’s mother, never having met her but maybe hoping for a favor from her son sometime in the future.
Pro forma statements vs. budgets
When creating pro forma financial statements, ask an accountant to provide additional guidance. Small business owners draft pro forma financial statements to quantify the impact of potential business decisions, such as taking out a loan to grow your business. Pro forma financial statements give you and your team something to consider before signing on the dotted line.
Creating Pro Forma Financial Statements
Since pro forma statements deal with potential outcomes, they’re not considered GAAP compliant. For example, net income doesn’t tell the whole story when a company has one-time charges that are irrelevant to future profitability. Before delivering an actual invoice, send a client a pro forma invoice that lists the cost of the goods and services you’re planning to provide. A pro forma invoice isn’t binding; it’s a way to make sure you and the client are on the same page before agreeing to the transaction. A sales quote is prepared in the form of a pro forma invoice, which is different from a commercial invoice.
- Pro-forma earnings are hypothetical estimates on business financial statements that project a company’s profits, excluding a set of special nonrecurring gains or losses.
- They can help you make a business plan, create a financial forecast, and even get funding from potential investors or lenders.
- GAAP enforces strict guidelines when companies report earnings, while pro forma figures are better thought of as hypothetical earnings.
- Every investor should stress GAAP net income, which is the “official” profitability determined by accountants, but a look at pro-forma earnings can also be an informative exercise.
Creating a pro forma income statement
To evaluate the legitimacy of pro-forma earnings, be sure to look at what the excluded costs are and decide whether or not these costs are real. Intangibles like depreciation and goodwill are okay to write down occasionally, but if the company is doing it every quarter, the reasons for doing so might be less than honorable. The dotcom era of the late 90s saw some of the worst abusers of pro-forma earnings manipulations. Many Nasdaq-listed companies utilized pro-forma earnings management to report more robust pro-forma numbers.
Organizing your expenses into specific budget categories helps you prepare for a smooth tax filing season and make more informed business decisions. Looking at both best case and worst case scenarios helps you make financial decisions based on challenges you may face in the future. For instance, what happens if your main vendor raises their prices like they did last year? Or how will that proposed transaction of buying new equipment impact you long term? Risk analysis lets you take the future for a test ride, and try out different outcomes. The term is used in legal and business fields to refer to various types of documents that are generated as a matter of course.
What Is a Pro-Forma Forecast?
The applications vary slightly, but all ask for some personal background information. If you are new to HBS Online, you will be required to set up an account before starting an application for the program of your choice. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘pro forma.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Using pro forma results to grossly misconstrue GAAP-based results and mislead investors is deemed by the U.S. A budget anticipates the inflow of projected revenues and the outflow of funds for a defined future period, usually a fiscal year.
We confirm enrollment eligibility within one week of your application for CORe and three weeks for CLIMB. HBS Online does not use race, gender, ethnicity, or any protected class as criteria for admissions for any HBS Online program. HBS Online does not use race, gender, ethnicity, or any protected class as criteria for enrollment for any HBS Online program. Harvard Business School Online’s Business Insights Blog provides the career insights you need to achieve your goals and gain confidence in your business skills.
You can use this scenario as a model of what may happen in the future if you buy the other business and restructure now. According to Russell’s projections, he reaches the highest earnings when he hires a full-time administrative assistant. More significantly, the pro forma income statement reveals that hiring a part-time assistant is nearly as lucrative as bringing someone on full-time.
Upgrading to a paid membership gives you access to our extensive collection of plug-and-play Templates designed to power your performance—as well as CFI’s full course catalog and accredited Certification Programs. Access and download collection of free Templates to help power your productivity and performance. No, all of our programs are 100 percent online, and available to participants regardless of their location. We expect to offer our courses in additional languages in the future but, at this time, HBS Online can only be provided in English. Our platform features short, highly produced videos of HBS faculty and guest business experts, interactive graphs and exercises, cold calls to keep you engaged, and opportunities to contribute to a vibrant online community. We offer self-paced programs (with weekly deadlines) on the HBS Online course platform.
They are a clever way for companies to fudge and fiddle with their earnings figures, and you should know about it. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) will investigate companies suspected of trying to deceive investors in the pro-forma modification of earnings. Any documents that deal with a company and its earnings must follow the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), established by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). For small businesses, application for a Small Business Administration loan often requires the production of a pro forma financial document. Regardless of the arena in which a pro forma document is used, it is an important tool for forecasting outcomes and ensuring that the desired outcomes are met. Taking an online course like Financial Accounting can help you understand how to create and interpret different kinds of financial statements so you can find meaning in them.
To get sign-off from key stakeholders, win investors, and strategically plan, you need to demonstrate that your ideas make financial sense. A pro forma invoice requires only enough information to allow customs officials to determine the duties needed from a general examination of the included goods. GAAP enforces strict guidelines when companies report earnings, while pro forma figures are better thought of as hypothetical earnings.
When it comes time to create a pro forma statement, you have reliable numbers and reports to get started. They can help you make a business plan, create a financial forecast, and even get funding from potential investors or lenders. After a major acquisition, a public company must prepare a secondary balance sheet and income statement as if the purchase occurred at the beginning of the year. We put the “pro forma” label on these financial documents because there’s a lot of “what if” involved in their making. Pro forma statements are useful with regard to tracking future financial direction and occurrences, often including some historical numbers to help account for what the projected outcomes should look like. In the event that the projected numbers show that profits are likely to drop, the pro forma statement allows a company to see the need for changes in its operations to prevent decreased profitability.
Taken cumulatively, the difference between GAAP earnings and pro-forma earnings for the dotcom sector during its heyday exceeded billions of dollars. In trade transactions, a pro forma invoice is a document that states a commitment from the seller to sell goods to the buyer at specified prices and terms. It is not a true invoice because it is not used to record accounts receivable for the seller and accounts payable for the buyer. It takes into account past expenses and revenues and factors in the costs of the company’s plans for the fiscal year.
If you don’t know how each of the companies defines its pro forma figures, you may be comparing apples to oranges. Companies’ definitions of pro forma vary along with their internal methods for forecasting and making assumptions. The statements are presented to the company’s management to help it make a decision on a proposed action based on its potential benefits and costs. For example, a company will report its actual sales and expenses for the quarter that just passed and, in the same chart, will list its projections of these numbers for the current quarter. Pro forma is actually a Latin term meaning “for form” (or today we might say “for the sake of form, as a matter of form”). Companies all too often release positive earnings reports that exclude things like stock-based compensation and acquisition-related expenses.
Keep in mind that the general process of creating pro forma financial statements isn’t significantly different from that of creating traditional statements. The difference lies in the assumptions and adjustments made about various inputs, while the format and calculations remain the same. Investors should be aware that a company’s pro forma financial statements can hold figures or calculations that do not comply with GAAP, which is the set of standards followed by public companies for their financial statements. A pro forma income statement would show how the company’s revenues and expenses might change and ultimately affect company profits. Income statements would show how much it would cost a company to pursue the project and how much revenues might improve after completion. For these purposes, pro forma statements are typically created as a part of a financial forecast in financial accounting.
Stable businesses can generally estimate income tax expense as a percentage of income before taxes. A pro forma invoice is a preliminary bill of sale sent to a buyer in advance of a shipment or delivery of goods. The invoice will typically describe the purchased items and other important information, such as the shipping weight and transport charges.
